Indoor air pollution is a major problem in Nepal as well as other developing countries. As about 85 percent of the Nepalese people still depend on solid biomass fuels for cooking and the cooking is often done in highly inefficient stoves in poorly ventilated kitchens, the incidents of IAP related diseases is very high. It is estimated that about 7500 people, most of whom are children, lose their lives each year in Nepal due to IAP related Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). IAP is regarded as the fourth biggest health risk, after malnutrition, unsafe sex, and water/sanitation, in developing countries. Recently ENPHO has monitored the levels of IAP in homes with and without Improved Cook Stoves (ICS). Although the project was designed to assess the effectiveness of ICS in reducing IAP, we found that simple kitchen management and ventilation plays a very important role. The lead article in this issue of ENPHO E-Bulletin highlights this issue. ENPHO is also organizing a two-day training on IAP monitoring. If you are interested, please see the notice below and contact us.
KITCHEN MANAGEMENT: A Key Intervention in Reducing Indoor Air Pollution and Improving Health
The main cause of indoor air pollution (IAP), especially in developing world is the use of biomass fuel namely wood, agriculture residue, and dung, in inefficient traditional stoves. Combustion of biomass fuels emits huge amounts of health damaging pollutants such as fine particles and carbon monoxide, and when the combustion takes place in inefficient traditional stoves, the situation is even worse. Therefore much of the efforts worldwide to reduce IAP has focused on improving the efficiency of stoves. Millions of improved stove disseminated in India, China justifies this common scientific notion. Indeed, source based solution like the improved cooking stove (ICS) is necessary initial step toward solving the problem of IAP. But it may not be enough and appropriate, given the sustainability of the ICS technology, and as well the geographical, cultural, behavioral and structural diversity found among the stove users community.
Referring to an article by Dr. Kirk Smith “Places make poison”, IAP is also the consequence of environment (kitchen) manipulated state rather being source effect of traditional stove only. It is because the emission factor of the traditional stove using biomass fuel is relatively low as compared to a vehicular sources or any other industrial source. But due to enclosed kitchen environment, smoke emitted from the stove gets trapped in the kitchen where the kitchen ventilation is poor. Therefore, kitchen management issues like good ventilations of kitchen, smoke venting installations with stove, fuel characteristic (dryness level, size) and behavioral practices are some of the very feasible and practical kitchen management issues which have shown to improve IAP level significantly. This thesis is also substantiated, by Dean still and Nordica MacCarty of Aprovecho Research Centre (2006) who found that by changing ventilation status of a closed test kitchen, through making hole in roof, presence of window for cross ventilation and opening door while cooking, reduced PM2.5 levels from 67 % to 94 %. Similarly, Practical Action (PA) initiative in Kenya to reduce indoor air concluded that the most effective intervention was the use of smoke hoods, which reduced particulate pollution by an average of 75% and carbon monoxide in the room by 78%. Similarly, in another PA’s initiative in Gatlang, Nepal, a substantial reduction of 60-70 % in 24 hr means PM was observed with the smoke hood intervention.
A World Bank funded Research study by Das Gupta & others in Bangladesh in 2004 has confirmed with their field observations that household-specific behavioral and structural factors like cooking location, onstruction material of kitchen, ventilation practices are more significant than fuel choice in determining PM10 concentration. They also concluded that poor families may not have to wait for clean fuels or clean stoves to enjoy significant cleaner air. On the Behavioural side, another research by Brendon Barnes and Angela Mathee relating to child exposure in rural South Africa (2002), recommended, health awareness, maintenance of stove e.g. fixing holes in the stove and chimney, fixing leaky chimney, extinguishing fires after cooking and heating, opening ventilation during cooking and others, in order to reduce child exposure.
ENPHO’s current initiative in indoor air pollution study also justifies the importance of kitchen management issue. Of the three study districts: Dang, Dolakha and Ilam; the indoor air level of particulate matter of size less than 2.5 micron (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) were found 2-3 fold lower in llam, a mid-hill eastern region, than in relation to other two districts. The cause of lower pollutant levels were related to the kitchen type observed and also to behavioral aspect of stove use. Distinguishing feature in the structure aspect of kitchen were separation of kitchen from house, relatively bigger kitchen volume, presence of 3-5 windows for ventilations along with door, and presence of eaves spaces all along the four walls, and flue structure. In behavioral aspect, use of medium sized well cut and dried fuel woods, regular cleaning and maintenance of stove and kitchen, cooking animal feed outside the kitchen were some of the factor affecting indoor air pollutants level.
Though evidence is still sparse on the effectiveness of kitchen management in reducing indoor air, this has become a well appreciated fact. Interventions like these are second generation to ICS technology in solving IAP problem, cost effective, applicable in most of the circumstances, and most importantly, its longevity is less questionable than ICS.- Ashish Singh
ENPHO
:: ENPHO NEWS ::
COMPLETION OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION MONITORING
ENPHO has recently completed the second round of indoor air pollution (IAP) monitoring in Ilam, Dolakha and Dang districts. The research team at ENPHO is currently analyzing the data and the final report on the findings will be out by the end of this month. The team also made a detail presentation of the progress of the on-going project on “Assessment of Effectiveness of ICS in Reducing IAP and Improving Health” to the staff at AEPC/ESAP on March 14.
On 28 March, Ms. Indra Gurung and Ms. Kanchan Karki from ENPHO attended a training programme organized by AEPC/ESAP for the Biomass Officers of various Regional Renewable Energy Service Centers (RRESCs) of AEPC/ESAP and presented a summary of the outcomes of the on-going project.
AIR QUALITY MONITORING AT VERTICAL SHAFT BRICK KILN
ENPHO has started monitoring the ambient air quality in the loading and unloading zone of the Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln that has been established at Imadol, Lalitpur. ENPHO will monitor PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 at two locations within the kiln for three consequent days four times a year. The research is being supported by the VSBK program of SDC.
INSTALLATION OF WAPIC UNIT AT ENPHO
In order to address two biggest environmental health risks facing Nepalese children, indoor air pollution and unsafe drinking water, with one technology, ENPHO has initiated research on Water Pasteurization through Improved Cook Stoves (WAPIC). As the first step in this research, ENPHO has constructed a lab scale unit of WAPIC at ENPHO and has started using it for conducting a variety of tests. Technical support for the installation of the WAPIC unit is provided by Mr. Lalit Tamang, an ICS promoter from Nuwakot District, who was trained by Center for Rural Technology Nepal (CRT/N). The research is being conducted with the support of Water Aid Nepal.
TRAINING TO NURSING STUDENTS
On March 24, program managers of different program units at ENPHO gave presentations to B.Sc. Nursing (1st year students) of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences (MMIHS) on various activities undertaken by ENPHO. The presentations included various water optimization techniques, household level point of use drinking water options, solid waste management, waste and waste water treatment, indoor air pollution, and arsenic problems and its mitigation options. Similarly, the B.N. 1st year students of the same institute also participated in a half day presentation and interaction session on March 31.
After the interaction program, the students were also taken to an observation tour focusing on water conservation and optimization techniques practiced within the premises of ENPHO and were also given briefing on products (e.g. water test kits, Piyush-chlorine solution) and services offered by its laboratory. The participating students and faculty members of the institute admired ENPHO’s initiative to promote various environment friendly practices and are looking forward to disseminating these best practices during their community works to be done as a fulfillment of their Bachelors Degree.
OPEN DEFECATION FREE DECLARATION AT LANAGOL
On the very first day of the New Year 2065 B.S. (13 April 2008), a program was organized by local community and user group to declare Lanagol tole (ward no. 15) of Kirtipur Municipality as open defecation free area. The declaration was made after one year of water and sanitation improvement related activities in the area. Community Led Total Sanitation approach was used to achieve total sanitation. The active participation of the community in various water and sanitation activities helped to achieve the goals of the program under which 15 toilet facilities were constructed and improvement of drainage and pathways were also done. For this program ENPHO provided technical assistance with the support of Water Aid Nepal. Additional support was also provided by the Kirtipur Municipality.
WORKSHOPS ON WATER QUALITY TESTING RESULTS AND WATER SAFETY PLAN
From March 17-31, staff members from ENPHO visited six municipalities (Hetauda, Bharatpur, Baglung, Triyuga, Kamalamai and Ilam) to organize one day workshops on Water Quality Testing Results and Orientation on Water Safety Plan. The main objective of this programme was to disseminate Water Quality Testing Results and initiate the planning process for preparing Water Safety Plans at the local level in a participatory manner. The workshops included presentations on Water Quality and Public Health, Water Quality scenario in the municipality, concept of Water Safety Plan and point of use drinking water treatment options. At the end, group discussions and presentations were made on future steps for Drinking Water Quality Improvement.
Participants of the workshop were key district level stakeholders such as municipality, water users committees, NWSC, Water Supply and Sanitation Divisional Office, local NGOs and CBOs. The workshop was jointly organized by ENPHO and municipality offices. ENPHO has performed water quality testing in six municipalities with support from Water Aid Nepal.
1st YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF CHYASAL WATER BOTTLING PLANT
On 19 April, the Gajalaxmi Community Based Water Treatment and Bottling Plant at Chyasal celebrated its First Anniversary. This first community based bottled water supply scheme was built by Urban Environment Management Society (UEMS) with technical support from ENPHO and financial and technical assistance from UN-HABITAT Water for Asian Cities Programme. Currently the system is providing drinking water to about 650 households in the neighbourhood. The water is sold at Rs. 0.15 per litre and the user committee has also managed to save over Rs. 100,000 over the past year. Based on the learning from Chyasal, UEMS has started another water bottling project at Dhalko, Kathmandu.
EARTH DAY 2008
On the occasion of Earth Day 2008, ENPHO joined hands with several other partner organizations to organize several events aimed at raising awareness levels of people on what they can do and encourage them to act in an environment friendly manner. On 21 April, Bhushan Tuladhar, Executive Director of ENPHO addressed a press conference on the issue. Events organized on 22 April included a Bicycle Rally from Patan Durbar Square to Ratna Park, a clean up programme at Ratna Park, demonstration of “Decarbonization of Vehicle Engines” in Kupundole, and an art festival at Maitighar Mandala.
ECO YATRA 2008
On 25 April, a group of about 40 students, went on a tour of homes practicing various eco-friendly behavior in Kathmandu. The group first visited the home of Mr. Hari Pandey, where Mrs. Pandey showed the biogas system that has been set up in her house to generate gas from waste. She said that she was able to use her stove for one to two hours per day using the gas generated from her kitchen waste and toilet. As a result, her LPG gas cylinder runs for two months instead of one. Next the group took electric vehicles and went to Kalimati to see composting and recycling practice at Shriju Pradhan & Bhushan Tuladhar’s residence. Here they saw and learned about composting, vermi composting and recycling at the household level. The team then visited eco-home in Dallu where Dr. Roshan Raj Shrestha has set up systems for rainwater harvesting, ecological sanitation and wastewater recycling using constructed wetlands.
PRESENTATIONS & INTERACTIONS:
:: LOCAL NEWS ::
CLIMATE CHANGE POSES BIGGER HEALTH RISKS
Putting health at the centre of the global dialogue on climate change, the World Health Day was celebrated on April 7 with the theme of 'protecting health from climate change'. This year, the World Health Day celebrations focused on the need to protect human health from the adverse effects of climate change. Experts say Nepal, being a Himalayan country, could be more prone to health risks associated with climate change. Evidences have shown that human activities are affecting the global climate with serious implications on public health, said Dr Bishnu Prasad Pundit, secretary at the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). He said the day was marked in Nepal to ensure public participation in the global campaign to protect human health from the adverse impacts of climate change. Dr Manohar Gupta, chief of the General Practice and Emergency Medicine Department at TU Teaching Hospital, said disastrous weather patterns, a negative impact on food and water supplies and new patterns of infectious disease outbreaks and ecosystem changes are all associated with global warming. He warned that the health risks associated with climate change are likely to get intensified in the coming days.
Source….. The Himalayan Times, April 8BHAKTAPUR FOLK FACING WATER SCARCITY
People of Bhaktapur municipality ward no 10 have been facing a shortage of drinking water for a month. During Bisket Jatra, municipality denizens need more water, as they have to organize feasts and feed relatives. “During the festival, we put colors on each other. As a result, clothes need to be washed daily,” Krishna Maya Shrestha, a housewife, said. An officer at the Bhaktapur branch office of the Nepal Water Supply Corporation said the supply of drinking water decreases in the dry season in all places. The officer said they are trying their best to address this problem.
Source….. The Himalayan Times, April 17ABATTOIR WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANT SET UP
Slaughterhouse waste is one of the major pollutants in Bishnumati River at KMC Ward No 19. To get rid of the problems associated with slaughter house waste and prevent the river from being polluted, locals have built an Odorless Anaerobic Compost Reactor, a bio-digester to manage the waste properly. Around 1,800 kg of semi-digested dung and blood of slaughtered animals from the adjoining areas are dumped in the river everyday. But now the digester would manage the wastes properly and produce gas and compost as by-products. The digester has been constructed on the banks of Bishnumati at Kankeshwor on the initiative of the NKSS with local participation and financial support from the World Vision International, Kathmandu Metropolitan City, National Zoonosis Food Hygiene and Research Centre and technical support of the Ramaniya Sagarmatha Renewable Energy Technology Development Pvt Ltd. The bio-digester plant would be fed with 1,800 kg of animal wastes everyday, said Rabi Chettri, the chief technician who oversaw the construction. He said it would take 65 days to produce gas and compost initially, but the gas and compost would be generated regularly thereafter. The plant has been constructed in over five ropanis of land at a cost of around Rs 4.5 million.
Source….. The Himalayan Times, April 9BUYING BOTTLED WATER TO BEAT SHORTAGE
Until three months ago, Suresh Pode, social worker and resident of Dhalku, had to irk his neighbors knocking on their doors for some drinking water. But no longer. "The situation has changed now with the supply of pure and affordable drinking water by a private party," said Pode, who is President of the Nepal Podland Youth Club. The private supplier provides a 20 liter jar of water for Rs 5. This is expensive compared to piped drinking water, which costs Rs 50 for 10,000 liters. But since the water taps remain dry most of the time, even expensive water is better than no water. Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC) conducted a feasibility study and implemented this pilot project for distributing bottled water in the area in a fashion similar to a community-run bottled water project in Lalitpur. UN-Habitat and UNDP respectively extended $15,000 and $5,000 and KUKL and the then NWSC provided water free of cost. The Urban and Environment Management Society also assisted until complete operations were taken up by the community itself. water would be the best solution to the problem of short supply, because we can provide water neither by tanker nor through pipelines until water from the Melamchi is available," Says Gyanesh Bajracharya, deputy general manager of Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL).
Source….. The Kathmandu Post, April 16, 2008LACK OF DRINKING WATER DISPLACES LOCALS
About 400 families of four wards of Belghari VDC in Sindhuli are displaced as a dug well, only source of drinking water, has dried up. Kamala Lower Secondary School at Charchare VDC, where 300 students are studying, was also closed due to water problem. "We had to close the school after 15 students fell sick due to drinking contaminated water," said Chhavi Ram Poudel, principal of the school. The locals of Charcharedanda have migrated to Jhugakhola, Jaate and Dilmuni after the dug well dried up. Most locals have gone to their in-law's and parental homes due to water problem. Ward nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Belghari VDC are desolate due to water scarcity. A local karma Bahadur Thapa told that the villagers have raised the issue of drinking water problem with the Nepali Congress candidate Ujjwal Baral, Keshav Devkota of CPN(UML) and CP Gajurel of Maoist. Although National Planning Commission had made tap connections in the village at an investment of Rs. 2.4 million, the locals of Tinchamke village at the water source did not allow others to take away water from the source.
Source….. www.ngoforum.netDIARRHOEA OUTBREAK IN SIRAHA
Siraha has been facing an outbreak of diarrhoea. With the onset of summer, gripes and cases of food poisoning have also begun plaguing the people, according to staffers of the Siraha district hospital. These abdominal diseases have been spreading due to the lack of hygiene and consumption of stale food or leftovers. Senior superintendent of the hospital Dr Raj Kumar Chaudhary said the hospital was crammed with patients of abdominal diseases. As the hospital has run out of beds, many patients have no option left except to lie on the floor. According to Chaudhary, the number of food poisoning, gripes and diarrhoea patients is growing. On an average, 25 persons are admitted to the Siraha district hospital every day. At Lahan hospital and Ramnagar Mirchaiyya hospital each, at least 30 patients are admitted daily, said the Siraha district public health office. Most of the afflicted are children and senior citizens.
Source….. The Himalayan Times, April 24SANITATION AWARENESS DRIVE
An awareness programme on water and sanitation ‘Water Caravan’ with the theme ‘Peace on Move’ began in Bhaktapur today. The three-day fair began with a peace march from Bhaktapur Durbar Square, which ended at Barahi Sthan today. A street play on peace and stability was also staged along with a photo exhibition on water and sanitation. The programme would be organized at nine different places in Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur and Madhyapur Thimi. The exhibits modern technologies on water sources like rainwater.
Source….. The Himalayan Times, April 25
:: GLOBAL NEWS ::
CLEAN ENERGY GREW BY 40 PER CENT IN 2007
Anyone still not convinced about the economic strength and viability of clean energy need look no further than the latest numbers in the annual Clean Energy Trends 2008 report. Against the backdrop of a contracting economy, record-high oil prices, rising home foreclosures, and consumer uncertainty, clean-energy markets [worldwide] grew by 40 per cent from $55 billion in 2006 to $77.3 billion in 2007. It is projected that these same technologies will reach $254.5 billion by 2017. For the past decade, solar and wind have been averaging growth rates in excess of 30 per cent per annum. That's a compounded annual growth rate that most industries would be envious of. Clean-energy naysayers complain that the cost for clean energy is still too high, but they just aren't looking at the numbers. The cost for solar and wind have both dropped by an order of magnitude over the past 30 years, bringing the cost of both sources within striking distance of, and sometimes even cheaper than, conventional energy sources.
Source….. People and Planet News ReleaseADELAIDE'S WATER SUPPLY AT 'CRITICAL' LEVEL
ADELAIDE is at risk of relying solely on rain to fill depleting reservoirs amid warnings the city's water supply situation is at its most critical. The State Government has confirmed that Adelaide has only 47 days' supply – about 24 gigalitres – to pump from the River Murray from a 201-gigalitre "critical human needs" entitlement this financial year. The state's reservoirs are at 54 per cent capacity, down from 81 per cent in November, and holding about six months' supply, but this is the first year SA Water has been restricted in how much water it can take from the Murray. In a drought year, up to 90 per cent of water in the state's reservoirs is extracted from the Murray. Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists member Mike Young told The Advertiser if the drought continued there was a "real risk" of the entire River Murray system failing and Adelaide having to rely on water from the Adelaide Hills catchments. "The risk is if we have another drought like we had last year there is going to be nowhere to get our water from," he said.
Source….. MERCURY, The Voice of TasmaniaCLEAN UP CAMPAIGN FOR HOSPITALS
Hygiene in most hospitals in Cote d’Ivoire is so low that the ministry of health has launched a nationwide clean-up campaign. “We hope to eliminate from our hospitals [bad] practices that add risks to patients’ health,” Health Minister Rémi Allah Kouadio told journalists at the campaign’s launch on 28 March in Abidjan. He said Ivorians are at “very great risk” of infection every time they seek medical treatment, although he also said that the extent to which facilities are contaminated has not yet been properly researched. The director of public health Alexandre N’Guessan said he believed that most of the infections occur because medical waste has not been properly disposed of as health workers are not following established norms. “Ignoring basic rules of hygiene constitutes a danger,” he said. Some 20 percent of medical waste produced in hospitals is hazardous, according to the World Health Organization. The reuse of dirty syringes causes between 80,000 and 160,000 new HIV infections every year worldwide, as well as millions of cases of hepatitis B and C. The new government programme will attempt to make medical staff more aware of how to dispose of medical waste and how to keep health facilities more hygienic.
Source….. E-Magazine, April 15MDG PROBLEMS FOR AFRICA
UNICEF has used the platform of World Water Day to predict that sub-Saharan Africa will not meet its water and sanitation MDGs till 2076. Countries such as Zambia are currently only on 13% coverage for the water element. Progress has been hampered by population growth, widespread poverty and insufficient investment in solving the problem. UNICEF, as part of its a joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation with WHO, also issued preliminary data on the sanitation situation throughout Africa, ahead of a global report that will be published later this year. Dr Margaret Chan, WHO’s director-general, noted that ‘sanitation is a cornerstone of public health. Improved sanitation contributes enormously to human health and wellbeing, especially for girls and women.’ UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon also used the day to warn that the world is ‘nowhere near’ meeting the water and sanitation MDGs and again highlighted sub-Saharan Africa’s long journey. As well as the above issues he spoke of ‘the biggest culprit of all – a lack of political will’.
Source….. IWA News ReleaseSAFE WATER DIFFICULT TO FIND IN BALOCHISTAN
The water safety situation in Balochistan has worsened as a result of the flooding in many parts of the province after Cyclone Yemyin hit coastal areas of Balochistan in June 2007 and resulted in existing water sources being contaminated. Some 350,000 people were displaced, 15 out of Balochistan’s 29 districts were affected, and thousands of homes damaged or destroyed. “Many of these people have put together what limited resources they had and put up shelters of one kind or another. About 100,000 were left without homes after the cyclone, and because nothing was done for them, they had to do what they could to help themselves,” said Farooq Ahmed, a Quetta-based social activist. But people, no matter how desperate, can do little on their own to improve the quality of the water they drink. Nor can they do much in a situation where storm waters have swept waste from open areas used as toilets into wells, ponds and other small reserves of water used for drinking purposes. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and other international agencies engaged in relief work after the cyclone had warned of the risk of water-borne disease and indeed, vaccination campaigns were carried out.
Source….. Environment News NetworkBEDOUINS IN UNRECOGNIZED VILLAGES STRUGGLE TO GET WATER TO THEIR HOME
Over half of the 85,000 Bedouins in the Negev desert live in some 40 villages not recognized by Israel, leaving them without access to many basic services, most importantly water. According to experts, about 45,000 Bedouins transport water to their homes using tankers or on animals. Hundreds of people in Tel Arad village, for example, are completely reliant on tankers and animals to get water, making life more expensive for people who can hardly afford to buy meat on a regular basis. "I am not connected to the water system, because they (the state) don't want (it)," said Odeh, an elderly resident, who remembers being displaced as a child. As in other places, people keep their water in tanks on their roofs. These can rust inside and the Israeli Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) has expressed concern that this has unhealthy side effects, and can cause diarrhoea. In August, about 80 percent of all Negev children hospitalised for diarrhoea are Bedouins, though they make up only 25 percent of the area's population. Unclean water, and not enough liquid in general (as they receive too little water) are blamed for the problem.
Source….. IRIN News ReleaseDIFFICULTIES IN BRINGING POU WATER TREATMENT TO SCALE IN GUATEMALA
Even after efficacy was demonstrated within their community and an aggressive sophisticated marketing approach, only 5% of households in a Guatemalan study purchased flocculant-disinfectant for point-of-use (POU) water treatment. In an earlier study in rural Guatemala, 257 households that received flocculant-disinfectant to treat their drinking water had 39% less diarrhoea than 257 control households. Three weeks after completion of the study, national marketing of the flocculant-disinfectant was extended into the study communities. Six months later, the researchers assessed frequency and characteristics associated with purchase and use of the flocculant-disinfectant by revisiting the original study households and administering a questionnaire. Four hundred sixty-two households (90%) completed the follow-up survey; 22 households (5%) purchased the flocculant-disinfectant within the preceding 2 weeks and used it within the last week. Neither being randomised to the intervention group during the efficacy study nor combined spending on laundry soap, toothpaste, and hand soap in the preceding week was associated with active repeat use. The study was funded by the Procter & Gamble Company (main funder) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Source….. IRC Source Weekly
::ANNOUNCEMENTS ::
DEWATS SEMINAR
ENPHO together with International Year of Sanitation (IYS) Desk and BORDA, Germany is organizing a half day seminar on Decentralized Wastewater Treatment (DEWATS) on 12 May 2008. The seminar will include presentations on "Experiences in Providing Decentralized Sanitation Infrastructure" by Pedro Kraemer from BORDA South Asia and "Decentralized Wastewater Management in Nepal" by Dr. Roshan Raj Shrestha, Chief Technical Advisor at the Water for Asian Cities Programme of UN-HABITAT. This will be followed by a discussion on possibilities for expanding the application of DEWATS in Nepal which will be facilitated by Dr. Luiz Ramalho from BORDA. If you are interested in participating in this workshop, please contact ENPHO.
TRAINING ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING
ENPHO is organizing a two-day training on indoor air quality monitoring on May 6-7, 2008. The training includes presentations and discussions on basics of indoor air quality and health as well as hands on training on indoor air quality monitoring using UCB particle monitor and HOBO CO Monitor. If you are interested in participating in the training please contact Kanchan Karki or Ashish Singh at ENPHO.
:: NEW ARRIVALS @ ENPHO RESOURCE CENTER ::
1
Water Safety Plans – 1 Planning Water Safety Mgmt for Urban Piped Water Supplies in Developing World
Sam Godfrey & Guy Howard
2
Pesticides in Nepal
Dhruba N. Manandhar
3
School Led Total Sanitation: Some Success Stories
UNICEF, Nepal
4
School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Programme: Case Studies, Success Stories and Best Practices
UNICEF, Nepal
5
A Report on Assessment of Health Care Wealth Mgmt in Different Health Facilities of Nepal
Department of Health Services
6
Nepal Country Plan for the International Year of Sanitation
International Year of Sanitation – 2008 Nepal Desk
7
Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) Tool Kit for Facilitators
Resource Center Network Nepal (RCNN)
8
The Toilet Men (DVD)
World Toilet Organization/National Geographic Channel
9
Hand Washing Campaign Animation Film (VCD)
Water Aid
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