EDITORIAL

BRINGING CHANGE!

We are living in a critical moment in our country’s history where our decisions and acts are bound to bring significant changes. Over the past few years, there have been many protests in all spheres of life which have stemmed from people’s desire for change. While talking about the dynamics of social movements proposals and actions must follow protests in order to ensure that we use our energies and desire for change constructively. During the International Year of Sanitation 2008, we raised our voices to bring sanitation at the forefront of the national agenda and make it a national priority. There are/were also lots of proposals to address this issue. Ultimately, several good initiatives have rolled in for effective changes. One such initiative has been the efforts made through Open Defecation Free (ODF) campaign nationwide. We have heard about the amazing efforts made by the people from districts such as Chitwan and Tanahu to make their communities ODF. Now we see that even communities living in remote corners of the country are rising up to meet the challenges of sanitation. This issue we highlight the efforts made by the people of Achham in our lead article “A” for Achham. But the list goes on: “B” for Bajhang; “C” for Chitwan; “D” for Dang and so on. In all these communities, local people are leading the way in wiping out open defecation and showing us that real change follows the shift: protests - proposals - initiatives. The challenge is how we can tap in such initiatives like ODF campaigns to bring about lasting changes in the sanitation and hygiene behavior of all people.

"A" FOR ACHHAM

:: ENPHO NEWS ::

STRATEGIC REVIEW MEETING ON SOCIAL MARKETING OF PIYUSH

To keep track of progress made in social marketing of PIYUSH (0.5% chlorine solution for household drinking water treatment) promotion in Nepal, a review meeting was held on 3 February 2009 among stakeholders, partners, coordinating organizations and suppliers/distributors. The major objective of the program was to review achievement in sales, promotional activities and problems and challenges faced while conducting PIYUSH promotion campaign supported by AED-NMARK. During the program executive director of ENPHO, Mr. Bhushan Tuladhar made welcome remarks and gave an overview of social marketing of PIYUSH program and Mr. Rajesh Adhikari, Promotional Manager shared social marketing activities for PIYUSH promotion from May 2008 to January 2009. Similarly, Dr. Prakash Panta from MITRA Samaj presented the research data on PIYUSH availability in the market and mentioned that the share of PIYUSH in the market has significantly increased this year. Over the past year, intensive promotional activities, the sales of PIYUSH has increased to 300,000 units per year and an independent study has shown that the market share of PIYUSH has increased from 6 percent to over 40 percent.

STAKEHOLDERS REVIEW MEETING AT CHAPAGAON

ENPHO has been conducting Household Centered Environmental Sanitation (HCES) improvement programme in Pyang Village ward no. 1, 3 and 5 of Chapagaon VDC since 2007, with support from WaterAid Nepal. The project has been supporting community to construct environmental sanitation infrastructure such as drains, pavements, community toilets, and protection of drinking water sources in order to improve the environmental sanitation of the area. A stakeholders’ meeting was organized on 26 February 2009 at Banibilas School, Chapagaon to monitor and review progress made by the project in the past two years. The participants of the program included personnel from WaterAid in Nepal, ENPHO, Users Committee members, Ex-Users Committee, representative from Local Government, Women’s Group and representatives from various local institutions.

During the meeting, a presentation on the progress made by the project was done by ENPHO and Users Committee. After the presentation, an open discussion focused on the key issues (challenges, problems, achievements and opportunities). The discussion helped ENPHO to learn lessons for better planning in future. During the program, Mr. Kabir Rajbhandari, Urban Programme Manager of WaterAid in Nepal highlighted the important role of community and Local Government to make such projects a success and emphasized on the need to develop a monitoring mechanism through community initiatives for long term sustainability. Another important topic of discussion was declaring ward no. 1, 3 and 5 of Chapagaon an ‘Open Defecation Free (ODF)’ community. Participants agreed that regular monitoring and follow ups are crucial to achieve this mission. On the occasion, the representatives from the community and local government also discussed on how technical and financial support can be generated to replicate activities in other wards of the VDC.

PLANNING FOR INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT

From 19 to 22 February, ENPHO organized a series of planning workshops in Kawasoti, Ramgram Municipality and Bardaghat towns of Nawalparasi district to raise awareness on integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM) systems, assess the current situation regarding waste management and prepare action plans for improvement. The initiation is part of the SWASTHA project, which is being implemented in partnership with Practical Action Nepal, local governments with support from EU and UN-HABITAT.

ENPHO SELECTED FOR 2009 PCIA SPECIAL ACHIEVEMENT AWARD

The Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA) selected Environment and Public Health Organization for 2009 Special Achievement Award. This award has been given for ENPHO’s commitment to improving health, livelihood, and quality of life, particularly of women and children, by reducing exposure to indoor air pollution from household energy use. The award will be presented to ENPHO at the PCIA Forum in Uganda. ENPHO's outstanding efforts to demonstrate the impact of household energy interventions will also be highlighted in the upcoming quarterly PCIA Bulletin and on the PCIA website.

SOLVATTEN PILOT PROJECT IN NEPAL

ENPHO has signed an agreement with Solvatten AB for implementing a pilot project to assess the social acceptance and performance Solvatten technology for household water treatment in the field in Nepal. Solvatten, a technology developed in Sweden uses sunlight to treat water at the household level. The project will be implemented by ENPHO in Lalitpur, Kathmandu and Chitwan in coordination with UN-Habitat, Nepal. The project period is for 6 months starting from March to August 2009. Mr. Prem Gurung from Solvatten AB visited Nepal from February 27 to March 12 to select the communities, schools, health workers and community mobilizers. A questionnaire survey form was pretested and the Solvatten was demonstrated to the community during this period.

SODIS SUSTAINABILITY STUDY

ENPHO with support from EAWAG/SANDEC has promoting SODIS at the community level since 2003. Although it is generally found that many people use SODIS during the project period, no information has been gathered so far on the level of continued long-term application of SODIS in the field. Therefore, EAWAG/SANDEC, together with ENPHO, is conducting a SODIS sustainability study in Nepal. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the level of long term application of SODIS at grassroots level in previous SODIS project areas and assess the factors and processes that supported or hindered the sustainable application of the SODIS technology. The study period will be from February to April 2009.

WORKSHOP ON WATER SAFETY PLAN AND WATER QUALITY INFORMATION

From 27 February to 5 March 2009, ENPHO in partnership with local municipalities and with support from WaterAid Nepal organized a series of workshops on Water Safety Plan (WSP) and water quality information in five municipalities (Ghorahi, Tulsipur, Lekhnath, Byas, and Gorkha). The major objective of the workshops was to disseminate the findings of water quality analysis done for different water supply schemes of municipalities and to orient concerned stakeholders on WSP. The participants of the workshop were from municipalities, DWSS branches, DPHO, DTO, local journalists, Water Users Committee and beneficiaries.

SLTS AND ECOSAN TOILETS IN BAJHANG

ENPHO with the support of SIMAVI has been implementing a school sanitation project that includes promotion of Ecosan and Biogas toilet through school led total sanitation (SLTS) in Banjh and Bamchowr VDC of Bajhang District. 12 schools out of 19 in the two VDCs have been selected for the program. User friendly toilets with child friendly water points have been constructed and SWASHTHA Table (Multiple Sanitation Table) has been installed in each school. Rainwater harvesting system will be established in two schools of Bhamchaur VDC and four schools have been selected for installation of urine diverting toilets and such system has already been installed in two schools. ENPHO has initiated the construction of Dry Ecosan toilets for the first time in Bajhang. So far, there is demand for 21 ecosan toilets from Bhamchaur. Since dry ecosan toilets need less water these toilets are being promoted in the villages of Bhamchaur and Kandachaur, where water scarce. Similarly, 12 biogas attached toilets are also under construction. So far, more than 800 household toilets have been constructed through SLTS approach.

VALIDATION OF ENPHO WATER TEST KITS

On 27 February, a workshop was organized to discuss the methodology for the validation of the ENPHO Water Quality Field Test Kits (EWQFTK). The validation is being done by Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology, with support from Water Aid Nepal (WAN).  WAN has been working in the field of water, sanitation and hygiene in Nepal. The validation process included different activities like constitution of a steering committee, preparation of methodology, presentation of methodology to stakeholders in a brief workshop, field and laboratory analysis and report preparation. The main objective of this workshop was to inform major sector stakeholders about the importance and methodology of validation and to receive their constructive suggestions.  There were more than 40 participants from different Governmental institutions, NGOs, INGOs, Municipalities, academic institutions and the kit users.

PARTICIPATION/PRESENTATIONS

• Senior staff members (Managers and Officers) of ENPHO participated in a Project Management training workshop with a theme ‘Managers Who Lead!’ coordinated by ICA-Nepal and Color Arrows Management Systems, with support from WaterAid Nepal, on 25 February, 9 March and 16 March 2009 in Kathmandu. The training participants enhanced their leadership and management skills through various hands on practical sessions.
• On 2nd February, Bhushan Tuladhar, Bipin Dangol and Makhan Maharjan attended the meeting of the National Drinking Water Quality Steering Committee. During the Meeting, there was presentation on testing of Kanchan Arsenic Filters being conducted by the Committee.
• On 6 February, Bhushan Tuladhar gave a presentation to a group of students from Cornell University at the Cornell Nepal Programme.
• On 11 February, Bhushan Tuladhar delivered three lectures on urban sanitation, integrated solid waste management in Nepal and wastewater management to graduate students of urban planning as part of their course work at the Institute of Engineering, Tribhuwan University.
• On 12th February, a group of students from Cornell University and Tribhuwan University visited Dr. Roshan Raj Shrestha’s house to see water management systems, Bhushan Tuladhar’s house to observe household waste management, Gundu village to see ecosan systems and Horticulture Centre to learn about urine application.
• On 16 February, Bhushan Tuladhar gave a presentation to students on water optimization at a programme organized by the Tri Chandra College Rain Centre.
• On 26 and 27 February, Bhushan Tuladhar attended a workshop on Chitwan Model District at Sauraha. He also made a presentation on ENPHO’s sanitation related programmes in ENPHO. As part of the SWASTHA initiative which is being implemented by ENPHO in partnership with Practical Action Nepal UN-HABITAT and EU, ENPHO will support School Led Total Sanitation (SLTS) campaigns in 10 schools of two VDCs in Chitwan.

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:: LOCAL NEWS ::

NEW ACT FOR BAGMATI

Authorized Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Committee has prepared draft of Integrated Bagmati Civilization Development Council Act for sustainable development and conservation of Bagmati area. Stating that there are no permanent agencies for preserving and conserving the Bagmati area and the legal provisions related to the river are insufficient, the Committee has prepared a new Act. Chief engineer at the committee Anil Bhadra Khanal told that the committee has prepared a draft of the new Act and is discussing it with the stakeholders. The Committee formed by the order of the ministerial cabinet in 2051 B.S. has been working to develop and conserve the Bagmati River and its surrounding area. Engineer Khanal complained that the committee has not been able to work effectively due to lack of necessary rules and regulations. He added that the committee is still working on the basis of the cabinet order. Stating that the ministerial cabinet has agreed on principle to move forward the draft as a bill, Khanal said, "To change draft into a Act, the draft will be presented in the next session of the Constituent Assembly though ministerial cabinet as a bill."
Source: Nepal Samacharpatra, 26 February (Retrieved from www.urbwatsan.org.np)

SHORTAGE OF DRINKING WATER HITS KHANDBARI HARD

Khandbari, the district headquarters of Sankhuwasabha, is facing acute shortage of drinking water for the last two months. Reliable sources of water are yet to be searched despite the persistent problem. Civil society leader Bhola Man Shrestha said there was a lack of potable water in the district headquarters, as Khandbari Municipality, the body responsible for supplying water in the town, was not serious about solving the problem. Since the sub-division office of Drinking Water Corporation stopped supplying water to the town a decade ago, the municipality has taken over the responsibility. Hotels, district prison, district hospital and government offices have been affected due to the lack of water. Locals are compelled to go to neighboring villages to fetch water. Dr Rudra Prasad Marasini, acting chief, District Public Health Office, said hospital staffers as well as the patients were suffering from the lack of water. “We have not been able to manage alternative sources of water,” he said. Milan Shrestha, a hotelier, said, “We won’t be able to run hotels if the situation persists.” The water scarcity has directly affected 10,000 locals. A municipal official said the scarcity was caused by the drying up of the source at Mahabhir. “As an immediate solution, we will collect water at the Amar Dal Battalion in Khandbari and distribute it in the town,” he said.
Source: www.nepalresearch.org/infrastructure/water, 10 February

CLINICAL WASTE RILES BIRGUNJ LOCALS

Locals have been complaining of pollution due to improper management of waste by a local medical college in Birgunj. Locals said that national medical college teaching hospitals based at Bhediya of Birgunj-18 was polluting their locality by disposing hospitals waste in a nearby river. A struggle committee formed by locals, demanding proper management of the hospital waste, submitted a six-point charter of demands to the hospitals and issued an ultimatum to the hospitals to meet their demands within seven days. The waste including syringe, cotton, medicines, bottles, plastics materials and chemical are either burnt down on the hospital premises or dumped in the river, locals said. The committee has warned of agitation if their demands were not addressed within a week.
Source: The Himalayan Times, 4 February

NEPAL - GIRLS DROPPING OUT OF SCHOOLS DUE TO LACK OF TOILETS

KATHMANDU: Lack of proper and safe toilets in school premises is one of the reasons for Nepali girl students’ dropping out before reaching the secondary level education, local newspaper The Rising Nepal reported Tuesday.
According to surveys on water and sanitation (WATSAN) carried out by government and private organizations and UN HABITAT Water for Asian Cities Programme Nepal, 59 percent of public and community schools across the country do not have any toilet, contributing to the increasing rate of girl dropouts per year. The rate of girl dropouts has increased by 6 percent in the span on seven years. The dropout rate in 2001 was 6.5 percent while it rose to 12.5 in 2007, a government report showed. The report stated that although 148,000 toilets are constructed annually in the country, only 10 percent poor people have access to toilets. Similarly, 13,000 children under the age of five die annually because of water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera which are caused mainly by poor sanitation and hygiene. Kamal Adhikari, an official at the Environmental and Sanitation Section under the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage said that the supply of clean water to the people was still a difficult task as the gap between safe drinking water and sanitation was quite large. “Meeting the target for sanitation is a major challenge to Nepal,” Adhikari said while giving orientation to about 30 media persons presenting 25 different media houses on Sunday. As per Millenium Development Goal (MDG) the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation should be reduced by halve by 2015. Rajesh Manandhar, water and sanitation coordinator of Water for Asian Cities Program-Nepal claimed that even after reaching MDG on sanitation, 1.8 billion people of the world would still be without access to basic sanitation in world.
Source: sanitationupdates.wordpress.com, 17 February

ARSENIC CONTENT HIGH

Arsenic content in drinking water in 12 Terai districts has been found above WHO and Nepali standards, according to a latest study by Nepal Red Cross Society and Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO). Tests have found that arsenic content in water in 70 VDCs in the district was above 100 ppb. While WHO has said up to 10PPb arsenic in water is safe for drinking, up to 50 ppb arsenic is considered safe in Nepal. In test conducted on 1,120,000 people in 20 districts across the Terai, 590 people including 190 women were found suffering from arsenic related health problems. In Parsa, water in 15 VDCs was found containing high amount of arsenic. Among 1995 taps fitted in 62 VDCs of the districts, 201 had arsenic content above 50PPb and water in 336 taps was found contaminated with bacteria.
Source: The Kathmandu Post, 19 February

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:: GLOBAL NEWS ::

WATER TREATMENT: SWEDE INVENTS SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFIER

Swede Petra Wadström has invented a device that uses solar power to purify water for drinking. The device called Solvatten, looks like a jerry can and can take up to 10 liters of water. When the device is left in the sun, an indicator turns from red to green to show that the water temperature has reached 55°C and the water is safe to drink. According to the Solvatten web site, water samples with more than 200.000 E. coli/100 ml have been successfully treated. A Solvatten device costs US$ 35 (€ 27) and lasts at least five years or more. At a rate of 10 liters of water a day for 300 days a year, the cost per litre is 0.2 US dollar cents. 'People are living with dirty water around the world and children are suffering from bad water, which is easily preventable, but people are living with a lot of solar energy and not using it,' said Ms Wadström. Tests in Kenya and Nepal have produced positive results and feedback. In 2009, there will be a user study in Nepal involving families, schools and health centers. The programme is being implemented in collaboration with UN-HABITAT and the Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO).
Source: www.irc.nl, 13 February

RADIOACTIVE GAS IN DRINKING WATER

HIGH concentrations of radioactive gas radon have been detected in Bengalooru’s groundwater, which means a higher risk of stomach cancer for those who drink it. A team from the Bangalore University and the Baba Atomic Research Centre in Mumbai collected 78 samples of water from borewells, shallow wells, surface water and the supplied drinking water in Bengalooru. More than half the samples contained radon in concentrations up to a thousand times the permissible limit of 11.1 Becquerel per litre. “Radon in water can cause stomach cancer,” said Professor R K Somashekar at the Department of Environmental Studies of the Bangalore University. Records kept by Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology on cancer cases in 2001-2003 in Bengalooru also indicate a higher incidence of stomach cancer. Radon in groundwater is often found in areas with uranium-rich rocks and granite terrain. In the case of Bengalooru it is the large reserves of granite that is causing the problem. Being highly soluble, radon easily dissolves in groundwater. The rate at which radon is released from rocks depends on the porosity of the rocks and the intensity of water flow. “With extensive quarrying radon can escape into the atmosphere. Fortunately, our survey indicated that radon in the atmosphere is within limits,” said Somashekar. Chickpet and Hebbal localities had the highest radon concentration. The study, the first on radon concentration in groundwater in Bengalooru, found that radon activity increased with depth in most cases.
Source: www.downtoearth.org, 15 February

BANGLADESH: GOVERNMENT REAFFIRMS PROMISE TO MAKE DRINKING WATER ARSENIC-FREE BY 2013

Speaking at the biennial conference of the Bangladesh Chemical Society on 30 January 2009, Finance Minister Abul Maal Abdul Muhit reaffirmed the government's pledge to make the country's drinking water arsenic free by 2013. The minister added that, as well as extra financial resources, more emphasis has been laid on research and innovative technology. Arsenic poisoning remains a serious problem in Bangladesh. An estimated 1 million tube wells (one in five) in Bangladesh have arsenic levels exceeding the acceptable level set by the government of 50 parts per billion (PPB) or 0.05 microgrammes per litre of drinking water, while the approved global WHO standard is 10 PPB. In the village of Garchapra, in Chuadanga District, more than 2,000 residents fear developing arsenicosis after years of drinking contaminated water. The NGO Forum for Drinking Water and Sanitation has initiated an arsenic mitigation campaign in the area and is distributing medicine for arsenicosis patients. Government health centres are also distributing vitamin-fortified anti-oxidant capsules.
Source: www.community.eldis.org, 13 February

UGANDA: KAMPALA SEWERAGE SYSTEM TO BE EXPANDED

A sanitation project worth 61m euro (about sh152.5b) will start in Kampala district soon. The state minister for water, Jennifer Namuyangu, said under the three-year project, sewerage treatment ponds would be constructed. “We are expanding the sewerage system and rehabilitating the old one,” she said. Only 8% of Kampala’s population is connected to the system, Namuyangu added. She said about 38m euros was borrowed from the African Development Bank, adding that the rest of the money would be secured from KFW, a Germany company, the Government and the National Water and Sewerage Corporation. Namuyangu said two treatment plants would be built in Nakivubo and Kinawataka swamps, adding that another two sewerage tanks would also be constructed in Lubigi swamp and Bwaise to accommodate waste from septic tanks.
Source: www.allafrica.com/stories, 28 February

CHINA DROUGHT DEPRIVES MILLIONS OF DRINKING WATER

SHANGHAI (Reuters) - Millions of people and cattle in north China face shortages of drinking water because of a severe drought, the government said on Saturday, promising to speed up disbursement of billions of dollars of subsidies to farmers. State television quoted disaster relief officials as saying 4.4 million people and 2.1 million cattle lacked adequate drinking water. Official media have described the drought as north China's worst in half a century. The Ministry of Finance said it would accelerate disbursement of 86.7 billion yuan ($12.7 billion) of annual subsidies for farmers to assist grain production and minimize the impact of the drought on rural incomes. The government is particularly anxious to avoid a drop in rural incomes because of the threat of social unrest as millions of migrant workers, laid off from urban jobs during China's economic slump, return to the countryside. However, meteorological officials said there were signs that better rainfall in coming weeks would ease the crisis. Rainfall is forecast for the next 10 days, the official Xinhua news agency quoted the China Meteorological Administration as saying. Xiao Ziniu, director of China's National Climate Center, was quoted as saying most of north China's wheat belt was expected to receive slightly less than or nearly normal rainfall in March. Xiao said earlier in the week that losses in China's winter wheat fields could be limited to just 2.5 percent if farmers moved quickly enough to irrigate their fields. The drought is hitting eight provinces which contain about half of China's wheat-growing areas. As of Friday, 10.7 million hectares of wheat-growing fields had been affected in those provinces, the Ministry of Agriculture said. Of that area, 4.5 million hectares were seriously damaged and 420,000 hectares suffered destruction of wheat shoots, the ministry said. Just over half of the total affected area had been irrigated so far.
Source: www.sciam.com/article, 7 February

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:: TEN PREDICTIONS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE THAT HAVE COME TRUE ::

Here are the hard facts about global warming that everyone should know, compiled for Times Online by internationally acclaimed writer, scientist and explorer Tim Flannery, author of The Weather Makers: Our changing climate and what it means for life on earth.

Ten predictions made by climate scientists that have come true (or are becoming true)
1) That the Earth would warm as more CO2 was put into the atmosphere (Svante Arrhenius in 1893)
2) That we'd begin to see noticable changes to Earth's climate by around 2000 (some IPCC scientists)
3) That sea-level would start rising
4) That Earth's Ice would start melting rapidly (James Hanson)
5) That hurricanes would increase in intensity (this one goes back to Alfred Russel Wallace in 1900)
6) That species would start going extinct as a result of climate change.
7) That Australia would start drying out (Hadley Centre scientists)
8) That tropical diseases would increase
9) That food crops would be adversely affected
10) That the CO2 would begin to acidify the ocean

The ten biggest changes to the weather wrought by climate change
1) Shorter winters
2) Less runoff into dams and reservoirs in many regions of the world
3) More violent and longer hurricanes
4) Less chilly nights
5) Less predictable seasonal conditions
6) Less snow
7) More heat waves
8) Less rain in many regions at various seasons
9) More severe storms in the North Sea and parts of the southern Ocean
10) Generally warmer conditions The ten places in the world / animals in the world most endangered by global warming

The ten places in the world / animals in the world most endangered by global warming
1) The glorious Cape Botanic province in South Africa, particularly the succulent Karoo flora.
2) Amphibians everywhere (a third of all species are already gravely endangered or extinct.
3) Coral reefs
4) Species on mountaintops (many populations are already extinct.
5) The tundra
6) The Arctic Ocean
7) The Antarctic Peninsula
8) Australia - where the drying trend is already precipitating a new wave of declines and extinctions.
9) The Amazon, where drying will affect forests and rivers
10) The boreal forests, here pest infestations are destroying vast areas of trees.
Source: http://www.impactlab.com

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:: UPCOMING EVENTS ::

THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL DRY TOILET CONFERENCE
One year after the International Year of Sanitation –
Are the Millennium Development Goals realistic?

The 3rd International Dry Toilet Conference will be held in Tampere, Finland, on 12-15 August 2009. The purpose of the DT2009 is to continue the progress achieved by the previous conferences, DT2003 and DT2006, organized in 2003 and 2006 respectively. The objective of the conference is to offer a discussion platform for professionals and other interested parties and to distribute the latest information about various aspects of dry toilets. The Conference is organised by The Global Dry Toilet Association of Finland, in cooperation with Tampere University of Technology, TAMK University of Applied Sciences and University of Tampere.
For details: drytoilet.org/dt2009

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Edited by: Bhushan Tuladhar & Rabin Bastola

Designed by: Babukaji Magar

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