In this issue
MULTIPURPOSE MELAMCHI: WATER FOR KATHMANDU AND MORE
EDITORIAL
HISTORICAL TIMES CALL FOR BOLD DECISIONS AND AMBITIOUS ACTS
We are living in a critical moment in our country’s history where our decisions and acts are bound to bring significant changes in the way the country is governed as well as the way we think and act in the future. Historical times such as these call for bold decisions and ambitious acts. One such decision that needs to be taken is regarding the Melamchi Project. The project has several flaws and it has been dragging along for years and it is bound to put a heavy financial burden on the country. An alternative proposal is now on the table to address the flaws within the project and this Kathmandu-centric single purpose project to a regional multipurpose project with multiple benefits. Most people agree that this is an attractive proposal that needs to be further studied and if possible implemented. But so far no one has dared to take a bold decision in its favour. We sincerely believe that this proposal will have far reaching benefits for all of Nepal and urge our decision makers to rise up to the occasion and “bell the cat.” Similarly, we urge the pubic to put pressure on our politicians and decision makers to take decisions and actions that will benefit the country.
MULTIPURPOSE MELAMCHI: WATER FOR KATHMANDU AND MOREThe Melamchi Drinking Water Project has been talked about for the past 30 years and many people believe that the current drinking water crisis in Kathmandu will be solved once the project is completed. However the project is nowhere close to being complete and there are still many hurdles along the way. Even if the project does bring Melamchi’s water to Kathmandu, it is not going to be enough to meet the growing demand of Kathmandu and there are many challenges for operating the project in a sustainable manner. In short, there are three major problems with the current Melamchi Project:
Technical: The current water demand in Kathmandu Valley is about 220 million liters per day (MLD) while the supply is only about 100MLD in the dry season. The Melamchi project is designed to bring 170 MLD of additional water. Therefore the total amount of water available in Kathmandu will only be 270 MLD in the dry season, even if we ignore the losses in the distribution network. The Nepal Water Supply Corporation estimates the water demand in Kathmandu to increase to about 310 MLD by 2010. This means that even if the Melamchi project is completed by 2015 (which is very unlikely given the slow progress), Kathmandu will still continue to face water shortages. The project also envisions adding water from Larke and Yangre rivers to the system in the second phase. But the financing for this phase is not confirmed. However, even after adding Yangre and Larke, we will only have about 450 MLD of water available, whereas the demand for water will have reached 542 MLD by 2020. This shows that the Melamchi Project, which is designed to meet long term water needs of Kathmandu will not be able to meet short term or long term water demand of this Valley.
Financial: Melamchi is a multi-million dollar project and according to donor requirements, the water tariff in Kathmandu will have to be raised substantially to finance the project. This is going to be very difficult if there is going to be continuous shortage of water. Furthermore, the nation is taking a big loan from ADB to finance the Melamchi Project and about one third of the country’s total water and sanitation budget is currently being diverted to Melamchi. This is not fair to about 95 percent of the Nepalese who do not live in Kathmandu. The fact that the financing for the second phase of project is uncertain makes the project’s financial situation worse.
Social: Probably the most serious problem with the Melamchi Project is related to social issues. In general local people in the Melamchi Valley, Helambu (area of intake) and Kavre (downstream of Melamchi) are not against taking Melamchi’s water to Kathmandu. However, they want local benefits in return and they will not hesitate to stop the project if they are not satisfied. Currently the project activities have been blocked by a group of people from Kavre who have put forwards several demands, including a levy for water taken to Kathmandu. Until the local people feel a sense of ownership over the project, the project will not progress smoothly and delays can significantly raise the cost of the project. Furthermore, the “levy” can be a tricky issue. Currently there is no system for giving levy for drinking water and drinking water system do not generate sufficient revenue to recover all costs and provide regular income. Therefore, unless a system is set up that is transparent and agreeable to all parties, there is a strong possibility that the project will not be able to operate smoothly even after it is completed. A case similar to the frequent closure of the Gokarna and Sisdol landfill sites in Kathmandu due to disagreements on payments can be repeated in Melamchi.
The Multipurpose Melamchi is a proposal that aims to overcome the problems of the current Melamchi Project by bringing in
more water and adding hydropower and irrigation components to make the project more attractive from a technical, financial and social perspective. Instead of a Kathmandu-centric single purpose project, Melamchi could become an integrated project that optimizes the use of water resources and gives regional benefit to a large number of people. The proposed changes are as follows:
The main benefits of the Multipurpose Melamchi are as follows:
This proposal has been discussed with many people, including politicians and key policy makers. While most are convinced that it is a good proposal, they are afraid that this could further delay the project or make ADB unhappy. We believe that it may slightly delay the beginning of the project, but it will definitely not delay the end of the project. The Melamchi Project can go ahead but we request the government to do the following two things:
The country is in a position to convert Melamchi in to a model project with multiple benefits that reach a large number of people. This will require bold decisions, careful negotiations and effective management. For now, we need a bold leader to “bell the cat” or significant public pressure to stimulate action from our leaders.
- Bhushan Tuladhar
:: ENPHO NEWS ::
FIELD VISIT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ARSENIC DOCUMENTARY
ENPHO is making a documentary on arsenic, its health effects and mitigation options. In this regard, Program Manager Bipin Dangol and Assistant Research Officer Shashank Pandey from ENPHO and documentary making crew visited various places of Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Rupandehi and Hetauda from Jan 5-9. During the visit, detailed operation and maintenance of arsenic mitigation options such as improved dug well, Kanchan Arsenic Filter (KAF), Safe tube wells and Rain Water Harvesting; field arsenic testing activities and symptoms of arsenicosis were recorded. Interviews with key district level stakeholders, villagers and arsenicosis cases were made as well during the visit. The documentary will be used for public awareness and training purposes during National Arsenic Mitigation Programme.
POU PROMOTION IN FIVE MUNICIPALITIES
ENPHO has initiated preparatory works to promote Point-of-Use Water Treatment in five municipalities of Nepal which support from UN HABITAT and Coca Cola Company. Program Managers Padmaja Shrestha and Bipin Dangol from ENPHO visited Bharatpur and Butwal municipalities to interact and consult with various key stakeholders for obtaining preliminary information on project areas and potential partners. With an aim of providing access to safe drinking water at household level, the programme will be implemented at Bharatpur, Butwal, Nepalgunj, Dhangadi and Hetauda municipalities for two years.
REVIEW OF SODIS PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES
To keep track of progress in SODIS promotion in Thimi Municipality, a review meeting was held on January 11 with 12 City Volunteers and Coordinators. The major problems and challenges faced by them during SODIS promotion in the communities were discussed and the future action plans were developed to meet the target of the program. Similarly, a review meeting was held with 35 Village Health Workers (VHW)/ Mother Child Health Workers (MCHW) on January 18 and 40 health Incharges/ Supervisors on January 20 in DPHO, Bhaktapur, Katunje. Mr. Jay Bahadur Karki, Chief of DPHO, Bhaktapur highlighted SODIS as an environmental friendly technology which helps in diarrhea reduction and stressed that it should be integrated in the regular health programs.
TOT PROGRAM ON WATSAN FOR URBAN POOR
Biju Dangol, Program Officer participated in a Training of Trainers (ToT) programme on "Capacity Building for Enhancing Local Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation Interventions in Poor Urban Areas", organized by Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University in Kathmandu on Jan 5 and 6. The main objective was to replicate the knowledge obtained by each participant to other nine persons involved in WSS interventions at or outside the institution.
MONITORING INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
ENPHO has completed the compilation, entry and analysis of field survey data of first round IAP monitoring of the on-going project on “Assessment of Effectiveness of Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) in Reducing Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) and Improving Health”. A reporting and discussion on the findings was made with the AEPC/ESAP representative. The summary report on the preliminary findings of the same will be available very soon. Follow-up communication with the Regional Renewable Energy Service Center (RRESC) staffs of the study sites is going on in regular basis in order to be informed of the progress regarding ICS installation and use.
ENPHO, together with Ajay Pillarisetti, a Fulbright Scholar from U.S, is also conducting a cross sectional study to assess the effectiveness of ICS. In this regard, Ashish Singh of ENPHO and Ajay Pillarisetti visited Kharelthok VDC of Kavre District to conduct the field investigations. .
SWM TASK FORCE FOR KATHMANDU
On Jan 4, Bhushan Tuladhar, Executive Director of ENPHO, made a presentation on the present state of Solid Waste Management in Kathmandu and the way forward to a group of senior staff and Board Members of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC). KMC is currently facing a crisis related to waste management as there have been problems between the municipality and private operators and the all the waste is currently dumped along the Bagmati River as the landfill at Sisdole remains closed. Bhushan Tuladhar, who is a member of a Task Force formed by KMC to resolve the current crisis and prepare an action plan for the future, also participated in a series of focus group discussions with various stakeholders to gather their opinion on various issues.
SWM TRAINING FOR LUBHU
On Jan 31 and Feb 1, ENPHO joined hands with Center for Integrated Urban Development (CIUD) to provide a two-day training/planning workshop on solid waste management (SWM) for a group of about 35 community leaders from Lubhu. The first day provided the participants an overview of the basic principles of SWM and focused on providing practical knowledge on waste collection, recycling and composting. On the second day, the participants prepared a plan for SWM in Lubhu. Bhushan Tuladhar, Executive Director of ENPHO was the main Resource Person for the Training.
CUSTOMER AWARENESS CAMPAIGN FOR JICA
ENPHO has signed a contract with JICA to run “customer awareness programmes of Japanese grants and projects in the eastern regions of Nepal”. The major objective of the programme is to raise awareness about the newly constructed water supply treatment facilities and health and hygiene behavior through IEC materials distributions and trainings. The programme also aims to motivate local users to participate actively in water supply and sanitation services improvement programmes. So far ENPHO has already provided various trainings with rallies and focus group discussions in Mangadh (Morang) and Dhulabari and Gauradaha (Jhapa).
ACCREDITATION BY NBSM
Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology (NBSM) has accredited The Environmental Analysis and Laboratory Services (EALS) of ENPHO for the analysis of water, wastewater, food, clay, rocks and minerals for different parameters like metallic elements, pesticide residues, protein, carbohydrate, fats, and microbial tests, etc. This has turned out to be a new dimension in the working area of the laboratory as it has been looking to further expand its research and service activities in new directions.
RISING AIR POLLUTION IN KATHMANDU
As the temperature dropped in Kathmandu, the air pollution in the Valley has peaked. In the absence of any concrete programs to control air pollution and with continuous increase in traffic, the Valley’s air quality is getting worse. Daily air quality monitoring being done by ENPHO for the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MOEST) has shown that the PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microns) concentration in Putali Sadak, which had remained stable between 2003 and 2005 has increased by 17percent in the past two years.
The PM10 in Putali Sadak area in 1997 was 236.5 micrograms per cubic meter, which is almost twice the national standard of 120 micrograms per cubic meter and more than ten times higher than the WHO guideline value of 20 micrograms per cubic meter. In January, Bhushan Tuladhar gave interviews on Sagarmatha TV and Kantipur TV to raise awareness on the rising levels of air pollution in the Valley and on Jan 27 he gave a presentation to a group of youth and journalists on the issue.
NATIONAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY STEERING COMMITTEE
ENPHO has assisted the Government of Nepal in forming a National Drinking Water Quality Steering Committee. The Committee will support and coordinate efforts among stakeholders for implementation of the National Drinking Water Quality Standards. A meeting of the National Arsenic Steering Committee held at the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) has finalized the objectives, responsibilities and proposed members of the Committee and the meeting has decided to initiate the official process of formulating the Committee.
ENPHO AT SANITATION EXHIBITION IN BANDIPUR AND RATNA NAGARENPHO participated in the first sanitation festival of its kind in Sarsafai Mahotsav at Bandipur from 11-13 Jan and Ratnanagar Mahotsav at Ratnanagar, Chitwan on Jan 14. ENPHO exhibited different Point of Use (POU) drinking water treatment options for mass awareness in both the festivals organized by UNICEF and Ratnanagar Chamber of Commerce respectively.
RESEARCH ON POU WATER TREATMENT IN SCHOOLS
ENPHO has completed a research on Point of Use (POU) Water Treatment in Schools. During the research, ENPHO tried the application of various POU water treatment options such as colloidal silver filters, biosand filters, chlorination and solar water disinfection (SODIS) in 12 schools of Kapilvastu and Dang districts. On Jan 9, ENPHO made a presentation of the draft report to UNICEF and finalized the report based on the comments provided. ENPHO conducted the research in collaboration with Solutions Consultants with support from AED and UNICEF.
INTERACTION PROGRAMS @ ENPHO
- On Jan 18, ENPHO together with coordination with Clean Energy Nepal and Green Youth Network organized an interaction program on “Possible Uses of Organic by-Products: Bio-ethanol Production”. Speaking at the program, Agriculturist Dr. Chandra Prakash Pokhrel said that organic by-products should be further used as raw materials for making different products instead of treating them as waste. He illustrated various examples of possibilities of using some organic by-products for production of Bio-ethanol.
- On Feb 3 an interaction program on “Multi-Purpose Melamchi” was organized at ENPHO. During the program, Bhushan Tuladhar, Executive Director of ENPHO discussed about the need of making Melamchi Water Supply Project a multi-purpose one so that more people can reap benefits from it. A documentary was also shown during the program which was marked by a huge attendance of college students and environment enthusiasts.
WELCOME TO ENPHO
- Luna Kansakar has joined ENPHO has an Assistant Research Officer. She has a Masters in Environmental Engineering from the Asian Inistitue of Technology (AIT). She will primarily be involved in supporting in ENPHO’s Sanitation Programme.
- Kanchan Karki has joined ENPHO as an intern. She has a BSc degree in Environmental Science from Kathmandu University and at ENPHO she is assisting with indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring.
- Namita Giri has joined ENPHO has an intern. She has a Bachelors degree in Environmental Studies from York University Campus, Canada. Currently she is assisting ENPHO with project monitoring and evaluation.
- Pramithus Khadka has joined ENPHO as a volunteer. He has a Bachelors degree in Environmental science from Kathmandu University and he is assisting ENPHO Resource Center with various documentation jobs.
:: LOCAL NEWS ::
WB PLEDGES HELP FOR WATER SECTOR
David Grey, senior water adviser to the World Bank, said today that the bank would continue its support to Nepal in the water sector. “Water is an important agenda in Nepal. It needs political commitment as well as the government plans to address the country’s needs. We are committed to continuing our support,” he said, while addressing a donors’ pre-consultation meeting on water resources. He said Nepal should be more clear on its water policies and there should not be any project that would let the future generation regret for what we do today. Secretary at the Ministry of Water Resources Shanker Prasad Koirala said Nepal needs world-class management of water resources.
Source….. The Himalayan Times, Feb 2RENOVATED CANAL SOLVES KHOKANA’S WATER WOES
The renovation of the traditional irrigation canal in Khokana and construction of a wastewater treatment plant was concluded and was handed over to the locals today. LUMANTI, a Support Group for Shelters, initiated construction of the canal and the treatment plant in March 2006 to curb the two-decade-long scarcity of water in the area and sanitation problem, with the technical and financial assistance of UN-HABITAT, Water for Asian Cities Programme. These organisations handed over the project to the local users at a programme today. Speaking at the programme, Kishor Thapa, joint secretary of the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, said such programmes would help enhance agricultural productivity and capacity of the locals. He stressed the need for replicating such programmes in the near future, hoping that it would help in the economic growth of the locals. The traditional water supply system joining Khokana with Lele through Raj Kulo (canal) was destroyed and was blocked 20 years ago and 692 families of Khokana suffered due to the water scarcity.
Source….. The Himalayan Times, Feb 3LOCALS TRYING TO CHANGE COURSE OF MANOHARA RIVER
A group of people are working hard to change the course of a river and reclaim their land, which has turned into a riverbed. Locals of ward numbers 16 and 17 of Bhaktapur municipality and Kathmandu Metropolitan City-35 are doing their bit to make the Manohara river change its course with a hope that they will be able to get their land back. According to the land survey of 1964, the Manohara river used to flow 100 meters eastwards from its present course. With the passage of time, the river shifted its course.
The Manohara Land Plotting Project (MLPP) was launched to change the course of the river. But the project under the KMC was not complete on time. However, project in-charge of the MLPP Sanjaya Raj Upadhaya said: “We cannot divert the river without consent of the Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee under the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works. We are awaiting a nod from the committee to change the course of the river.”
Source….. The Himalayan Times, Feb 5PUSH FOR KUKL TO MANAGE WATER SUPPLY
The Kathmandu Valley Drinking Water Management Board has pushed ahead the process of authorizing Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) for the operation of drinking water and sanitation services for 30 years in the Kathmandu valley, starting from February 13. As per an accord signed on Sunday, all the property as well as the liability of Nepal Drinking Water Supply Corporation in the Kathmandu valley will be transferred to the Board on February 13. When the Melamchi Drinking Water Project is completed, it will also come under the Board. According to a statement of the Board on Tuesday, with the permission KUKL will be responsible for daily water supply, repair and protection, installation of new water taps and expansion of pipelines. “KUKL will be independent to run its service system and it will operate its services from the head and branch offices of the Corporation in the valley and it will collect water tariff from the same places but with its own name until alternative arrangements are made," the statement read.
Source….. The Rising Nepal, Feb 6CALL TO UTILIZE TRADITIONAL WATER SOURCES
At a time when the people of the Valley are suffering from lack of piped water supply, experts have urged users to utilize traditional water sources to meet their needs. Use of wells, stone spouts and rain water could be the best option to meet the needs of the urban population, they said at a programme jointly organized by UN-HABITAT and Guthi to mark the ‘International Year of Sanitation-2008’ today.
Dr Roshan Raj Shrestha, chief technical advisor of the UN-HABITAT, said it was “high time we utilized our traditional resources.”
Source….. The Himalayan Times, Feb 6
:: GLOBAL NEWS ::
POLLUTION MAY TRIGGER DIABETES
Environmental pollution may trigger diabetes, scientists suspect in the US. In the commentary published in the recent edition of the Lancet, Cambridge scientists Oliver Jones and Julian Griffin highlight the need to research the possible link between certain pollutants and diabetes. In their commentary, Jones and Griffin cite peer reviewed research including that of Dr D Lee, et al, which demonstrated a very strong relationship between the levels of POPs in blood, particularly organochlorine compounds, and the risk of type-2 diabetes. Past research had found individuals are more at risk of diabetes if they are thin with high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in their blood than if they are overweight but with low levels of POPs, scientists said.
Source….. Clean Energy News, Vol 8 No.4SANITATION COSTS A LOT, BUT IT'S NOT A LUXURY
With the installation of proper toilet facilities at several local markets in Ouagadougou, the sanitation situation has improved, especially during the rainy season when pit latrines get full of water. Fees of about five cents are collected from those who use the facilities. It is hoped that this will encourage people to also build and use a toilet at home. According to the National Office of Water and Sanitation (ONEA), only 10 per cent of residents of Burkina Faso have toilets of acceptable quality. Outside of Ouagadougou and Bobodioulasso, the two main cities, the rate is about two per cent. In a city where issues of waste management have largely been disregarded, this initiative forms part of a broader effort to improve sanitation, and prevent liquid and solid waste from contaminating ground water.
Source….. Source Weekly, Jan 2008NETHERLANDS AND WORLD BANK DONATE FOR IMPROVED WATER AND SANITATION
The Netherlands has given a donation of US$ 41 million (EUR 28.3 million) to the Government of Kenya and UNICEF’s Water and Sanitation Programme. The programme aims to increase access and raise awareness to the importance of safe drinking water and sanitation as well as appropriate hygiene;
especially hand washing. The support covers a five-year period, from January 2008 to December 2013, in selected arid, semi arid and flood prone districts. The World Bank’s Board of Directors approved a credit of US$ 150 million (EUR 103.5 million) for Kenya to expand access to safe water and sanitation
services in the areas served by the Athi Water Services Board, Coast Water Services Board and Lake Victoria North Water Services Board. The Water and Sanitation Service Improvement Project (WaSSIP) represent the second phase of the World Bank’s support to the Government of Kenya’s water sector reform. The project will consolidate, enhance and scale up these measures, improve the dissemination of information as well as strengthen the risk management and internal controls of water services institutions.
Source….. International Water and Sanitation Weekly NewsSEWAGE AND WATER DISASTERS LOOMING
Various recent news media report from Gaza that the water and waste water treatment facilities there suffer badly from Israel’s security concerns about importing of energy, pumps, pipes and other spare parts in the Hamas controlled area. Since May 2007, 149 public wells in Gaza have had too little fuel to operate and have not been maintained due to the lack of parts. As a result 15 percent of Gaza's population (225,000 people) gets water for only two hours per day. Furthermore, the poor quality water has not been tested for more than a year, because laboratories have been unable to import chemicals to test it. Tests carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO) several years ago that Gaza's water is unfit for human consumption. Experts also warn that lack of spare parts may soon force one of the 35 sewage pumping stations to stop operating in Gaza. This would mean sewage backing into homes and onto the streets and the resulting health problems associated with it.
Source….. Middle East Times, Jan 2CHINA BOOSTS GLOBAL WAR AGAINST THE PLASTIC BAG
Following restrictions on them introduced in 2007 in Hongkong, China has now introduced a ban and taxes to curb plastic bags, a blot on landscape that threatens health and causes floods. China's decision earlier in January means it has joined an accelerating number of countries, states and cities taking action against the plastic litter that has accompanied rapid urban growth and increasing wealth. The bags have contributed to floods and health problems in many countries, blocking drains and providing perfect pools of warm water for mosquitoes and other insects to breed rapidly. China took a lead from Hong Kong, which used to produce 8 billion bags a year but after numerous "no plastic" days and voluntary bans introduced a bill to impose a levy on plastic bags.
Source….. People and Planet News Release, Jan 22CHAYAWANPRASH, AN AYURVEDIC TONIC HAS ARTIFICIAL SWEETNER
Beware before you pick up chyawanprash from a drug store. The most popular brands of this ayurvedic tonic has artificial sweeteners, which have unconscionable side-effects. On January 11, 2008, Ranbaxy Laboratories launched a sugar-free version of chyawanprash, which it calls ‘Chyawan Active’. Unlike the classical chyawanprash, which is 50-60 per cent sugar, the Ranbaxy product uses the artificial sweetener sucralose as a taste enhancer. Other versions of the tonic, like Alkem Laboratories’s Jeevan Prash and Dabur India’s Chyawan Prakash, also use artificial sweeteners.
In its classical form, chyawanprash is a mix of herbs, minerals, crystallized sugar and ghee with honey. It stands to reason if the tonic’s constituents are changed, the product may not work as well. Ranbaxy’s spokesperson maintains that Chyawan Active provides the same benefits as the classical chyawanprash since it has the same constituents. But there are question marks over artificial sweeteners. Sucralose, a chlorinated version of sucrose has, for instance, been shown to shrink the thymus gland and enlarge kidneys and liver. Sorbitol in Dabur and Ranbaxy’s version of chyawanprash has been linked to diarrhoea and eye problems. The products have unspecified amounts of this chemical.
Source….. Down to Earth, Feb 7
:: New Arrivals @ the enpho Resource Center ::
Applied research on arsenic in Bangladesh Water safety plans; supporting water safety management for urban piped water supply in developing countries Water safety plans; planning water safety management for urban piped water supply in developing countries Proposal writing and fundraising Participatory monitoring and evaluation Guidelines for improving your skills in project proposal writing, report presentation Fundamentals of monitoring and evaluation National drinking water quality standards Chemical safety of drinking water: assessing priorities for risk management Country paper on sanitation in Nepal Guidelines for establishment of accreditation of health laboratories Proceeding of international symposium on "community led management of river environment" Journal of water and health, Vol 5, Supplement 1 To unsubscribe please email us at: rc@enpho.org with "unsubscription" in the subject field.
Any part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from ENPHO, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. ENPHO would appreciate receiving a copy of any material that uses this publication as a source.Edited by: Bhushan Tuladhar & Kshitiz Shrestha
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Environment and Public Health Organization
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