EDITORIAL

Last year we celebrated International Year of Sanitation with different activities all over Nepal and the world. The issue of sanitation has received attention from the media as well as policy makers and the state of sanitation has definitely improved. But now is not the time to relax and rest on our laurels. We still have a long way to go to meet the national goal of Sanitation for all by 2017. More than half of the Nepalese people still defecate in the open every day and although significant progress has been made towards achieving total sanitation in some districts such as Chitwan and Tanahu, there are still many parts of the country where we need to reach out to the people and ignite them. Therefore, ENPHO urges all to carry on the spirit of IYS 2008 and work harder towards ensuring that all Nepalese get access to proper sanitation facilities. Lets work on declaring Chitwan an open defecation free district by the end of 2009 and follow this up by other districts. 

VISIBILITY IN KATHMANDU VALLEY

:: ENPHO NEWS ::

BORDA-ENPHO PARTNERSHIP FOR DECENTRALIZED SANITATION

Pedro Kraemer, South Asia Programme Coordinator of BORDA, a German NGO working on decentralized basic needs services such as Decentralized Wastewater Treatment (DEWATS) and community based sanitation, visited ENPHO from 18 to 22 January. During his visit, Pedro attended the interaction workshop on draft Bagmati Action Plan, visited potential project sites in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur and met with key stakeholders in the sanitation and wastewater management sector. BORDA is working with ENPHO in designing a programme to build local capacity on Decentralized Basic Needs Services in Nepal from 2009 to 2012. The programme will be launched in March 2009.

SOLUTION FOR POLLUTION IN GOKYO LAKES

On 22 January, Bhushan Tuladhar attended an interaction programme on waste and wastewater management in Gokyo Lakes in Sagarmatha National Parks and made a presentation on possible options for managing pollution at the local level. Gokyo lakes, a series of five lakes located at an elevation of approximately 5000 meters in the Everest region is an important tourist destination as well as a Ramsar site, wetland of international importance. More than 8000 tourists and about double the number of porters visit the lakes each year. Currently waste and wastewater from the eight lodges and campsites located next to the main lake is polluting the lake. The Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) and WWF Nepal has requested ENPHO’s assistance in addressing this problem.

ECOSAN TRAINING FOR BHUTAN

ENPHO together with SEECON, Switzerland, Government of Bhutan, WHO, Royal Government of Bhutan and Ecosan Services Foundation organized a two-week Ecosan Expert Training Course for 20 participants from Bhutan from 26 January to 6 February. The diverse group of participants included engineers, health workers, teachers, local development experts and agriculture experts from various districts in Bhutan. In addition, the training also had four participants from Nepal, two from ENPHO and two from RRN.

During the first week, the participants learned about the fundamental concepts and approach of Ecological Sanitation and studied the urine diverting toilets in detail. On 28 January, the participant visited Gundu in Bhaktapur, Siddhipur in Lalitpur, ENPHO’s office and Dr. Roshan Raj Shrestha’s house to see various types of ecosan in Nepal. In Gundu they saw dry ecosan toilets at various stages of construction and use, wet ecosan toilets, biogas toilets, urine diverting biogas toilets, and urine diverting school toilet. Similarly in Siddhipur they saw solar ecosan and indoor ecosan. On 30 January, the participants visited Dahrechowk, Chitwan to see the Ecosan village there and learn about school led total sanitation. The participants also witnessed the Open Defecation Free declaration ceremony at Dahrechowk and a photo exhibition.

In the second week, the participants learned about composting, vermin composting, biogas and constructed wetlands and also designed pilot project that they will implement in the upcoming days. On February 1, the participants went to the Central Horticulture Centre (CHC) to learn about reuse of compost and urine in agriculture and see ENPHO/CHC’s project on composting and reuse.

PROMOTION OF INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Practical Action Nepal and ENPHO have joined hands to promote Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) in seven municipalities and small towns in Chitwan, Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts. ENPHO will work with the local stakeholders to assess the current situation of waste management in these towns and prepare a plan of action. It will then support local initiatives to raise awareness on ISWM, build local capacity and initiate a few demonstration projects. The initiative is part of a larger project called SWASTHA (Strengthening Water, Air and Sanitation to Treasure Health). In this context an initial reconnaissance trip was made to the seven towns in the third week of January.

SANITATION RALLY ORGANIZED

ENPHO, with the support from WaterAid Nepal, is working in peri-urban communities in Kathmandu Valley, particularly at Kibachowk village of Gundu VDC in Bhaktapur to implement household centered and community based water and sanitation programmes. On 2 January, ENPHO in collaboration with Kiwachok Drinking Water Users Organization organized sanitation awareness rally in order to raise awareness on sustainable sanitation and proper hygienic practices among local people. There were around 250 participants in the rally.

OPEN PUBLIC TOILET REMOVED!

ENPHO has been conducting Environmental Sanitation Improvement Program in Pyang Village ward no. 1, 3 and 5 of Chapagaun VDC since April 2007. The project has been supporting community to construct environmental sanitation infrastructure such as drains, pavements, community toilets, and protection of drinking water sources in order to improve the environmental sanitation of the area. In this process, around 200 different types of toilets have been constructed in the area providing 90-95% of households with toilet facilities. In order to declare this VDC an “Open Defecation Free Area” by March 2009, the local groups have been targeting the construction of toilets in every household.

To ensure the sustainability of the project and to construct toilets in the remaining houses, two (one at Okharpauwa and another at Jyoti Bihar Jange) out of three open public toilets in Ward No. 3 of Chapagaon have been demolished. These open toilets had been in use since last hundreds of years and were deteriorating the environment. After removing these toilets, the local residents are happy and so are the devotees visiting Bajrabarahi temple down this route. The local community is planning to improve the vacant open space by developing it as a playground/a garden very soon.

PROMOTION OF HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT IN URBAN NEPAL

With support from UN-HABITAT and Coca Cola Company ENPHO is carrying out capacity building and promotional activities on household drinking water treatment (HWT) and hygiene improvement in five urban areas of Nepal. Following activities were conducted in January 2009:

• Hetauda: A total of 935 participants from nine CBOs of different wards were oriented on HWT options and sustainable sanitation. ENPHO also placed a scrolling display board at Hetauda Municipality cafeteria.
• Bharatpur: A total of 205 community people were trained on HWT options and solid waste management in collaboration with Nepal–RMC. Recently, monitoring of households of Ward No. 1, 6 and 11 was done which showed that 365 households out of 397 were using one of the POU water treatment options.
• Lalitpur: Wall painting with safe drinking water messages has been completed in three different public places (Lagankhel, Patan Dhoka and Gwarko). A scrolling display board with household drinking water treatment options has been installed in a school.
• Nepalgunj: A total 509 Tole Lane Organization (TLO) members of different 11 wards were trained on HWT options and wall painting with safe drinking water messages in four different public places has been completed.

VALIDATION OF ENPHO WATER TESTING KITS

A MoU for validation of ENPHO water testing kit has been signed between National Bureau of Standards and Metrology (NBSM) and WaterAid in Nepal (WAN) on 29 December 2008. ENPHO is providing logistics and technical support to NBSM and WAN. The process of validation of the ENPHO water testing kits will be beneficial in ensuring that the kits are reliable and improving the kits if necessary.

AIR QUALITY MONITORING

ENPHO is conducting regular ambient air quality monitoring in Kathmandu Valley for Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology. This is being done daily through six monitoring stations. However, due to the long hours of load shedding, this programme is being hampered. ENPHO is also conducting air quality monitoring of Vertical Shaft Brick Kilns (VSBK). The third round of monitoring of the VSBK started from 5 January.

PARTICIPATION/PRESENTATIONS

• Rabin Bastola, Resource Center Manager participated in South Asian Regional Training on Community Based Adaptation to Climate Change held in Pokhara, Nepal from 9-13 January 2009. The program was organized by Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) in association with Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS), Practical Action Nepal, International Institute for Environment Development (IIED) and The Development Fund, Norway. Mr. Mozaharul Alam (Babu), Research Fellow, BCAS was the lead trainer.
• On 12 January, Rajesh Adhikari, Promotional Manager made a presentation on ENPHO’s goal and objectives for better environment and its activities on safe drinking water treatment options to The New Era Family and their trainees of secretarial course.
• Punu Duwal, Community Motivator/Health and Hygiene Focal Person; Rajendra Shrestha, Project Manager; Luna Kansakar, Program Officer and Rabin Bastola, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) Manager participated in Health and Hygiene Promotion Workshop organized by WaterAid in Nepal (WAN) from 18-21 January 2009.
• On 2 January, Bhushan Tuladhar gave a presentation on “Indoor Air Pollution and Health” to Improved Cook Stove Promoters and other stakeholders from Kavre, Sindhupalchok, Dolkha and Ramechaap districts at Dhulikhel. The programme was organized by Alternative Energy Promotion Centre/Energy Sector Support Programme.
• Rajesh Adhikari, Promotional Manager at ENPHO made a presentation on safe drinking water treatment options focusing on chlorination using PIYUSH and its importance at household level POU water treatment for field coordinators of Center for Socio-Economic Development (CSED) on 27 January.
• On 24 January, Bhushan Tuladhar attended a workshop organized by Friends of Bagmati on Clean Water Act and presented his views. The seminar included the Honourable minister for Environment Science and Technology and other officials from the Ministry as well as experts from Water Keepers Alliance, USA and Pro Public.
• On 29 January, Bhushan Tuladhar made a presentation on “Application of Ecosan in Nepal” at a workshop organized in Kurintaar to celebrate the achievements of Ecosan village in Dahrechowk, Chitwan.
• A team of experts from Eye Care Himalaya, Tripureshwor visited ENPHO on 1 January 2009 to discuss on possibility of designing water treatment and an incinerator at the hospital in Jhapa.

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:: LOCAL NEWS ::

LACK OF TOILETS TROUBLE GIRLS

Girl students studying in secondary and higher secondary schools in Ramechhap district are facing problems due to lack of toilets. Many girl students do not go to school and some suffer from different health problems due to the lack of toilets in the schools. Most of the government schools in the district lack toilets. Toilets in some school are not used by girls because they lack proper doors. The teachers told that the problem gets compounded when girl students menstruate. A 9th grader at a government school said, “Boys can answer calls of nature anywhere. But isn’t easy for the girls. No one is serious to our problem.” Girls dropping out of school owing to lack of toilets is a known fact but we have not been able to manage toilet in the schools,” Balaram Timilsina, district education officer said.
Source: washasia.worldpress.com, 8 January

DRINKING WATER OFFICE GHERAOED

Presenting different demands including equitable distribution of water, Patan Durbar Area Water Supply Struggle Committee has gheraoed Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL), Lalitpur Branch on January 21, 2009. The Struggle Committee submitted a memorandum to the chief of KUKL, Lalitpur Branch and stressed to search alternative of drinking water than waiting for Melamchi Water Supply project. The committee formed in the participation of consumers of different areas of Lalitpur including Haka, Mangalbazaar, Tangal, Haugal and Balkumari gheraoed the KUKL office for an hour. Coordinator of the committee Shakya Suren presented the memorandum and demand letter to the chief of KUKL, Lalitpur Branch Shiv Raj Pathak. After receiving memorandum, Pathak expressed commitment to start possible works immediately for equitable distribution of water. The committee has also submitted the memorandum to the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City. “We have gheraoed the KUKL office and presented memorandum and demand letter as a form of protest against discriminatory water supply,” said Shakya Suren, adding, “We have also submitted the memorandum as a form of protest against unjust and discriminatory water tariff hike without adequate water supply.” 23-member committee has been formed under the coordination of Shakya Suren to protest for water.
Source: Annapurna Post, 23 January

NEPALI SCIENTISTS ABLE TO FORECAST MULTIPLE CLIMATE EFFECTS

Nepalese scientists and researchers have claimed that they also can forecast climate change and multiple climatic effects in the country with the establishment of Dendro-Lab in the capital. They said that in order to facilitate and further dendrological works in Nepal, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), in cooperation with Ev-K2-CNR Italy, had set up a Dendro Lab at its premises. Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. The technique can date wood to exact calendar years. Tree rings are one important source of what are called proxy-climate indicators or paleeoclimate data.

Dr. Dinesh Bhuju, a senior scientist and training coordinator at the Dendro-Lab Focal Point, said that the tree rings respond to multiple climatic effects such as temperature, moisture and cloudiness, so that various aspects of climate can be studied. "From the analysis of the data obtained from them information can also be acquired about natural disturbance such as hurricane, earthquake, flood, drought, conflagration or erosions," Bhuju said. He said that analyzing the obtained data they could make forecasts about the upcoming disasters and evaluate the previous disasters too. As an initiative, Dr. Bhuju and Dr. Carrer have established two permanent plots at the tree-line of Sagarmatha National Park in 2007 and collected some 300 tree cores, mainly from Abies and Juniper. He, further, said that after the completion of the trial research in the Himalayan region, they would find out the previous climatic change and prediction in the historical palaces, temples, and archeological areas using the same technique. Global warming and climate change are of the global concern at the present time. Nepali researchers are now hopeful to make prediction of changing patterns by reconstructing past climatic history through what they call Dendrochronological technique. "
Source: The Rising Nepal, 21 January

BIO-FILTERS TO MANAGE WASTE

Thirty-one households in Narayan Tole near Maharajgunj of KMC-3 have recently constructed ‘up-flow bio-filters’ to treat toilet waste produced in their houses. They have constructed two such filters spread in over 342 sq ft area with the financial and technical support of UN-Habitat, Action Aid Nepal and Lumanti. Only 16 households in the area had toilets until a year ago. They used to let their toilet waste mix directly into nearby rivers. However, things have changed now. All the households in the area now have toilets. They have constructed a 180-metre-long sewer to channel the toilet waste to the filters. The filter first separates solid and liquid wastes and treats the liquid waste. After the treatment, the waste water is flowed into the rivers while the solid waste remains in the tank. The bio-filters were constructed with Rs 2 lakh collected from the donors and locals. The locals have formed Narayan Tole Sudhar Samiti (NTSS) to take care of the filters. Kalpana Karki, treasurer of the Samiti, told this daily today that it collects Rs 35 per month from each household for the maintenance of the filters. “Earlier, locals used to catch diseases like diarrhea and jaundice because of the lack of a proper sewage system and toilets. After constructing the filters, we now have no such problem. We also take pride in being able to reduce pollution in rivers to some extent,” she said. “We will use the digested solid waste as fertilizer in our fields,” Karki said, adding, “Many people are showing interest in our project these days.”
Source: The Himalayan Times, 26 January

PROBLEM IN SEWERAGE TREATMENT

By: Tirtha Neupane
Load shedding has caused problem in the treatment of sewerage discharged into the Bagmati River. Mahesh Bahadur Basnet, chairman of Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Committee, told that the treatment plant stops functioning at the time of electricity load shedding. “Generators cannot operate the heavy equipments in the treatment plant,” said Basnet, adding, “We need 24-hr electricity supply for operating the treatment plant.” A 17 km long sewer line and treatment plant was constructed from Gokarna to Tilganga in 2059 B.S. to treat the sewerage discharged into the Bagmati River from Sundarijal to Aryaghat. Anil Bhadra Khanal, acting chief of the Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Committee, said, “The treatment plant has the capacity to treat 90-100 litres of water per second but we are unable to treat the sewerage discharged into the river due to load shedding.”
Source: Kantipur, 21 January (Retrieved from www.ngoforum.net)

GOVERNMENT OFFICES DO NOT PAY WATER TARIFF

Many government offices of Morang have not paid water tariff. Nepal Water Supply Corporation Biratnagar branch stated that it has to collect overdue amount of Rs. 3.7 million from different government offices. Hospitals, security agencies and administration offices are among the offices that have not cleared water bills.

The corporation has cut off pipeline connection of Koshi Zonal Hospital for not clearing overdue water bills of Rs. 0.2 million. The corporation stated that the hospital has not shown interest to clear water bills despite repeated notice. Similarly, the corporation has to collect water bills worth Rs. 1.4 million from the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Project, Rs. 0.4 million from Regional Police Training Centre Biratnagar, Rs. 0.3 million from Armed Police Force, Rs. 0.8 million from Morang Jail, Rs. 0.2 million from Water Induced Disaster Prevention Office and Rs. 0.2 million from District Administration Office. “We will report to the head office if the creditors do not clear the water bills. Then the head office will receive the due amount from the ministry,” said Prajendra Das Hada, chief of Nepal Water Supply Corporation Biratnagar branch.
Source: Naya Patrika, 21 January (Retrieved from www.ngoforum.net)

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:: GLOBAL NEWS ::

STANDARDISING GREYWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

A new protocol for testing greywater treatment technologies in Australia could boost efforts to conserve the nation’s water resources. CSIRO’s Water for a Healthy Country Flagship and the Smart Water Fund (a joint initiative of Melbourne’s water businesses and the Victorian Government) have developed a practical, robust, sustainable method for testing whether greywater treatment technologies meet Australian standards.
Read more at: http://www.csiro.au/news/Greywater-treatment-technologies.html
Source: CSIRO News, 14 January

CLAY FILTERS PROMISE CLEAN DRINKING WATER IN VILLAGES

Clay filters based on the Terafil technology will not only ensure clean drinking water in villages but also turn the rural people into entrepreneurs. Chakdoha and Chapri, two villages of Ghatshila in East Singhbhum district [of Jharkand state, India], will play host to the pilot project. The initiative has been taken by the Rural Development Trust under the Art of Living Foundation, Bengaluru. Terafil water filters have been designed by S.K. Kuntia, the head of design and rural technology department at the Institute of Mineral and Material Technology (IMMT), Bhubaneswar, a wing of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi. The terafil would cost around Rs 350 to Rs 500. The foundation has planned to rope in the corporate sector to help donate the filters as a part of their corporate social responsibility. The filters would encourage self-employment, too. The foundation would also arrange for resources to train the villagers and help them turn into entrepreneurs.
Source: washasia.wordpress.com, 12 January

US PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: "…LET CLEAN WATERS FLOW"

In his inauguration speech on 20 January 2009, President Barack Obama highlighted the importance of water in poverty reduction. Here is the quote: "..To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it." The new US president also reaffirmed the USA's commitment to help the developing world.
Source: The White House [http://www.irc.nl/url/30988], 21 January

AGRICULTURE-ARGENTINA: WORST DROUGHT IN 100 YEARS

BUENOS AIRES, Jan 21 (IPS) - Severe drought, which is many parts of Argentina is considered the worst in 100 years, has hit the country’s most agriculturally productive region and is expected to cause a sharp decline in grain and meat output. Rural associations estimate that grain production will drop 39 percent and that 1.5 million head of livestock will be lost, while meat and dairy productivity levels among the surviving animals will be poor. The drought extends from the southern province of Río Negro through the central provinces of La Pampa and Córdoba and east and north to the provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Santa Fe, Corrientes, Chaco, Formosa and Santiago del Estero. It has especially hit the entire 600,000 square kilometer pampas grasslands region, considered one of the most fertile areas in the world. Chaco Governor Jorge Capitanich predicted that in his province, agricultural output will be half of what it was last year. The area planted in wheat and sunflowers is smaller this year, and yields are down due to the lack of rainfall, he said. And among corn producers in Entre Ríos, losses are estimated at over 80 percent. In the northern part of the province of Santa Fe alone, 300,000 head of cattle have been lost, and the rest are surviving in difficult conditions. In addition, fewer animals are pregnant. Now the most pressing problem is the climate. According to a report by the National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), "in many parts of the pampas region, rains have been at their lowest level in 100 years." The CRA predicts that the corn harvest will amount to 15 million tons, down from 22 million tons in the last season, while the soy harvest could shrink from 47 to 37 million tons, if the scarcity of rainfall continues. As a result, farmers will suffer at least seven billion dollars in losses, and revenue from taxes on grain exports will be down, said Jayo. "This time the drought extended throughout the entire pampas region, the best agricultural and ranching area, and the rains increased in arid zones," Alicia Urricarriet, an economist with the Argentina Rural Society (SRA), which represents large landowners, told IPS.
Source: www. ipsnews.net, 21 January

MR. TOILET, WORLD TOILET ASSOCIATION FOUNDER SIM JAE-DUCK, DIES

Nicknamed “Mr. Toilet”, the Korean sanitation campaigner and founder and first president of the World Toilet Association (WTA), Sim Jae-duck died on 14 January 2009. Parliament member Sim Jae-duck earned his nickname for improving public restrooms for the 2002 Football World Cup as mayor of Suwon city. Since 1999 he was president of the Korea Toilet Association. Sim Jae-duck grabbed the headlines in November 2007 when he unveiled Haewoojae', Sim Jae-duck's toilet house. Photo: WTA his toilet-shaped house on the eve of the inaugural meeting of the World Toilet Association General Assembly (WTAA). “He had been suffering from prostate cancer since he began a campaign to launch his World Toilet Association in 2007,” association spokesperson Shon Seong-Jin said. “But he continued his campaign until his death.” Sim was born in a restroom - in line with then-traditional beliefs that this would bring good luck - and once said he planned to die in the $1.6-million toilet house he designed.
Source: sanitationupdates.worldpress.com, 26 January

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:: WHAT WE CAN DO ::

Climate change is here to stay. But it is still in our power – as individuals, businesses, cities and governments – to influence just how serious the problem will become.

Some low-carbon lifestyle choices at home, in the office and when traveling includes:

• Waking up with a traditional wind-up alarm clock rather than the beep of an electronic one - this can save someone almost 48 grams (g) of CO2 each day;
• Choosing to dry clothes on a washing line versus a tumble dryer - a daily carbon diet of 2.3 Kg of CO2;
• Replacing a 45-minute workout on a treadmill with a jog in a nearby park. This saves nearly 1 Kg of the main greenhouse gas;
• Opting for non-electric toothbrush will avoid nearly 48g of CO2 emissions;
• Heating bread rolls in a toaster versus an oven for 15 minutes saves nearly 170g of CO2;
• Switching from regular 60-Watt light bulbs to energy-saving ones will produce four times less greenhouse gas emissions;
• Taking the train rather than the car for a daily office commute of as little as 8 km will save a big 1.7 Kg of CO2;
• Shutting down your computer and flat screen both during lunch break and after working hours will cut CO2 emissions generated by these appliances by one-third;
• Investing in a water-saving shower head will not only save 10 liters of water per minute, but will also slash CO2 emissions resulting from a three-minute hot shower by half;
• Reducing the weight of goods and items carried onboard by airline passengers to below 20Kg could cut global GHG emissions by two million tones of CO2 a year.
  Source: www.unep.org/themes/climatechange
  

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:: UPCOMING EVENTS ::

INTERNATIONAL COURSE ON WATER SAFETY PLAN
16-19 March 2009

The ITN-BUET is going to organize International Course on Water Safety Plan (WSP) during 16-19 March 2009 at ITN Centre, BUET. The main objective of this training course is: To orient and create awareness and to expand knowledge base of the participants on current approach of safety management of water through operational monitoring and process control.
For details:
Sk. Abu Jafar Shamsuddin, Centre Manager, ITN-BUET, Bangladesh
Tel: 9663693; Fax: 9663695 E-mail: itnoffice@itn.buet.ac.bd

THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL DRY TOILET CONFERENCE
One year after the International Year of Sanitation –
Are the Millennium Development Goals realistic?

The 3rd International Dry Toilet Conference will be held in Tampere, Finland, on 12-15 August 2009. The purpose of the DT2009 is to continue the progress achieved by the previous conferences, DT2003 and DT2006, organized in 2003 and 2006 respectively. The objective of the conference is to offer a discussion platform for professionals and other interested parties and to distribute the latest information about various aspects of dry toilets. The Conference is organised by The Global Dry Toilet Association of Finland, in cooperation with Tampere University of Technology, TAMK University of Applied Sciences and University of Tampere.
For details: http://drytoilet.org/dt2009/

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Edited by: Bhushan Tuladhar & Rabin Bastola

Designed by: Babukaji Magar

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